Introduction
Chapter 1 Population Expansion and Demographic Pressure in Qing China (1644-1911)
1. "The Chinese Thomas Malthus".
2. Population Expansion in the Early Qing
3. Solutions for the Demographic Pressure
4. Conclusion
Chapter 2 Total Trade Value in the First Haft of the 19th-Century Qing China
1. Estimating the Market Circulation of Commodities
2. Verifying the Value of Commodities with Customs Duties
3. Conclusion
Chapter 3 The Fiscal Transformation of the Qing State in the Middle of the 19th Century
1. The Fiscal Structure of the Jiaqing and Daoguang Times
2. War: An Almost Collapse of the Fiscal System
3. Structural Change
4. Conclusion
Chapter 4 To Borrow Money (1851-1874)
1. Failure of Domestic Borrowing
2. Success of Foreign Loans
3. Conclusion
Chapter 5 China's flood in 1823
1. The Organization of the Qing State
2. The 1823 Flood and Government Response
3. Structure and Amount of Disaster Relief
4. Relationship to Debates in the Literature
5. Conclusion
Conclusion
References
Archival, printed and online sources
Bibliography
Appendices
Appendix A Customs Revenues Collected at selected Changguan in 1796-1850 (in taels of silver)
Table A-1 Shanhai Guan, Zhangjiakou, Shahukou, Guihuacheng, Dajianlu, Chen Guan, Zhongjiang
Table A-2 Fengtian Niuma Shui, Wuchang and Xunchang, Pantaokou, Wuyuancheng, Gubeiko, Chongwenmen, Zuoyi
Table A-3 Youyi, Zuoliangting, Huai'an Guan, Xushu Guan, Yangzhou Guan, Wuhu Huguan, Wuhu Gongguan
Table A-4 Fengyang Guan, Longjiang Guan, Xixin Guan, Jiujiang Guan, Gan Guan, Beixin Guan, Nanxin Guan
Table A-5 Linqing Huguan, Linqing Gongguan, Taiping Guan, Wuchang Guan, Jingzhou Guan, Hubei Xinguan, Kui Guan
Table A-6 Yu Guan, Tianjin Guan, Tianjin Haiguan, Donghai Guan, Jianghai Guan, Zhehai Guan
Table A-7 Minhai Guan, Total, Subtotal Huguan, Subtotal Gongguan
Appendix B Land Tax in 1821-1850 (in taels of silver)
Table B-1 Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan
Table B-2 Jiangning, Suzhou, Anhui, Jiangxi
Table B-3 Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei
Table B-4 Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan
Table B-5 Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Total
Appendix C Explaining China's 1823 Flood Regression Model
Table C-1 Price behaviour during and after 1823 flood
Table C-2 Land Tax And Land Tax Reductions in 1823 (in tael of silver)
Table C-3 Total Relief Payments In China (1823, in tael of silver)
Table C-4 Disaster Spending in Britain (1845-1849, annual average), China (1823), and Prussia's Rhine Province (1816-1817)
Appendix D Calculating China's Historical Economic Aggregate: A GDP-centered Measurement
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