Chapter 1 Introduction / 001 1.1 Freshwater / 002 1.1.1 Ecology and ecosystem / 002 1.1.2 Remediation / 002 1.1.3 Freshwater ecological remediation / 003 1.2 World freshwater and water distribution / 003 1.3 Freshwater bodies, sources and distributions in China / 009 1.3.1 Freshwater bodies in China / 009 1.3.2 Distribution of freshwater across China / 013 Review questions / 015
Chapter 2 Causes, Effects and Remediation of Freshwater Pollution / 016 2.1 Pollution and contamination in freshwater bodies / 017 2.1.1 Contamination / 017 2.1.2 Pollution / 018 2.1.3 Classification of pollutants / 020 2.1.4 Eutrophication/ Nutrient influence / 022 2.2 Causes of freshwater pollution in China / 023 2.3 Effects of freshwater pollution / 031 2.3.1 Health / 031 2.3.2 Economic / 033 2.3.3 Ecological / 033 2.4 Impacts of freshwater pollution / 035 2.4.1 Climate change / 036 2.4.2 Climate change on lakes / 038 2.5 Importance of remediation in freshwater development / 039 2.5.1 Clean water is important for our health / 039 2.5.2 Water supports our unique ecosystems / 040 2.5.3 Water provides us with food to eat / 040 2.5.4 Water helps people make a living / 040 2.5.5 Water keeps power running / 040 2.5.6 Water for recreation / 041 2.6 Types of remediation used in freshwater pollution control / 041 2.6.1 Physical remediation / 042 2.6.2 Chemical remediation / 042 2.6.3 Bio-remediation / 042 2.7 Freshwater quality parameters / 043 2.7.1 Dissolved oxygen / 045 2.7.2 pH / 046 2.7.3 Temperature / 046 2.7.4 Water density (Thermal stratification) / 047 2.7.5 Water depth / 048 2.7.6 Nutrient levels / 048 2.7.7 Algae concentration (Chl-a), phytoplankton and chlorophyll / 048 2.7.8 Total phosphorus and total Nitrogen / 050 2.7.9 Precipitation / 050 2.7.10 Total dissolved solids / 050 2.7.11 Total suspended solids / 051 2.7.12 Turbidity / 051 Review questions / 052
Chapter 3 Technologies in Freshwater Remediation / 054 3.1 Physical remediation / 055 3.1.1 Pump and treat / 055 3.1.2 Soil vapour extraction and air sparging / 056 3.1.3 Slurping/ Dual-phase extraction / 059 3.1.4 Air stripping / 060 3.1.5 Excavation / 062 3.1.6 Electrical resistance heating (ERH) / 063 3.1.7 Other techniques / 063 3.2 Chemical remediation / 065 3.2.1 In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) / 066 3.2.2 Chemical precipitation remediation / 067 3.2.3 Ion exchange / 070 3.2.4 Chemical immobilization stabilization and solidification / 071 3.2.5 Chemical adsorption / 072 3.2.6 Heterogeneous catalysis / 075 3.2.7 Others / 079 3.3 Biological (Bio-) remediation / 082 3.3.1 Bioremediation of inorganic pollutants / 082 3.3.2 Bioremediation of organic pollutants / 091 3.3.3 Others / 098 Review questions / 101
Chapter 4 Case Studies (Modern technologies) / 102 4.1 Asia / 102 4.1.1 Rice hydroponic biofilter in a pond-scale aquaponics recirculating system (China) / 102 4.1.2 Black / Odorous water (China) / 103 4.1.3 Sponge city (China) / 104 4.1.4 Ecosystem activation system (EAS) (China) / 105 4.1.5 Methane production from wastewater treatment (China) / 107 4.1.6 Water treatment with UV light (Tianjin, Northeast China) / 109 4.1.7 Modern wastewater treatment plant (Qingdao, China) / 109 4.1.8 Erhai Lake, protection and remediation policies (Yunnan Province, China) / 111 4.1.9 Qinghe wastewater treatment plant (Beijing, China) / 113 4.1.10 South-to-North water diversion project (Baiyang Lake,China) / 114 4.1.11 Sediment remediation (China) / 114 4.2 Europe / 116 4.2.1 Smart city (France) / 116 4.2.2 iMetland (Spain) / 117 4.2.3 Advanced membrane technology (Israel) / 120 4.2.4 Advanced nanotechnology / 121 4.2.5 Urine separating process / 122 4.2.6 SaltGae project / 123 4.3 Africa / 125 4.4 America / 126 4.4.1 Micro electrochemical technology METs (USA) / 126 4.4.2 Membrane filtration technologies (USA) / 128 4.4.3 Phytoremediation using Azolla (USA) / 129 4.4.4 Eutrophication and In-Lake remediation treatments (Canada and USA) / 130 4.5 Others / 131
Chapter 5 Future Prospects in Freshwater Ecosystem Management / 132 5.1 Wastewater as a resource / 132 5.2 The relevance of freshwater protection / 134 5.3 Water recreation / 137 5.4 Possible future approach / 139 5.5 Policies and models / 140 5.5.1 Conservation International (CI) “Payment for Ecosystem Services” / 140 5.5.2 World Estuary Alliance (WEA) / 141 5.5.3 The Yangtze Forum/Yangtze Conservation & Development Report / 141 5.5.4 Wetland Conservation Network / 141 5.5.5 Integrated water resource management (IWRM) / 142 5.5.6 China’s new water policy / 144
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