Contents 1 Energy Introduction 1.1History of Energy Utilization 1.2Energy Demand 1.3Classification of Energy Sources 1.4Energy and Environment 1.4.1Global Warming 1.4.2Acid Rain 1.4.3Damage to the Ozone Layer 1.4.4Thermal Pollution 1.5Future of Conventional Energy Sources 2 Global Conventional Energy Scenario 2.1Global Conventional Energy Reserves 2.2Energy Production 2.3Energy Consumption 2.3.1Global Energy Consumption 2.3.2Energy Consumption in China 2.4Chinas Sustainable Development Strategy for Its Energy Sectors 3 Coal 3.1Formation of Coal 3.2Classification and Uses of Coal 3.3Coal Mining 3.3.1Surface Mining 3.3.2Underground Mining 3.4Delivery of Coal 3.5Storage of Coal 3.6Coalfired Electricity Generation 3.6.1Overview of Coalfired Electricity Generation 3.6.2Coalfired Electricity Generation Technologies 3.7Reserves of Coal 3.8Output and Consumption of Coal 3.9Environmental Impacts of Coal 3.9.1Threats from Coal Mining 3.9.2Threats from Coal Use 3.10Clean Coal Technology to Tackle Environmental Challenges 3.10.1Coal Cleaning 3.10.2Combustion Technologies 4 Petroleum 4.1Definition of Petroleum 4.2Formation of Petroleum 4.3Composition of Petroleum 4.4Petroleum Extraction 4.5Petroleum Refining and Its Products 4.6Petroleum Delivery 4.7Storage of Petroleum 4.8Uses of Petroleum 4.9Reserves of Petroleum 4.9.1Global Petroleum Reserves 4.9.2Distribution of Petroleum in China 4.10Output of Petroleum 4.11Consumption of Petroleum 4.12Environmental Impacts of Petroleum 5 Natural Gas 5.1Formation of Natural Gas 5.2Composition of Natural Gas 5.3Extraction of Natural Gas 5.4Processing of Natural Gas 5.5Delivery of Natural Gas 5.6Storage of Natural Gas 5.7Bottlenecks and Development in Chinas Natural Gas Industry 5.8Uses of Natural Gas 5.9Reserves of Natural Gas 5.10Output of Natural Gas 5.11Consumption of Natural Gas 5.12Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas 6 Hydro Energy 6.1Definition of Hydro Energy 6.2Classification of Hydropower Plants 6.3Site of Hydropower Plant 6.4Composition of Hydropower Plant 6.5Small Hydropower Project 6.6Reserves and Power Generation Capacity of Hydro Energy Resources 6.6.1Global Hydro Energy Resources 6.6.2Hydro Energy Resources in China 6.6.3Hydropower Projects in China 6.7Multipurpose of Hydropower Project 6.8Environmental Impacts of Hydro Energy 7 Nuclear Power 7.1Definition of Nuclear Energy 7.2Classification of Nuclear Energy 7.3Nuclear Fuels 7.4Nuclear Reactors 7.4.1Components of Reactors 7.4.2Types of Nuclear Reactors 7.5Nuclear Power Generation Theory 7.6Nuclear Power Application 7.7Reserves of Nuclear Material 7.8Nuclear Safety 7.8.1Radioactive Effect and Nudear leakage Accidents in History 7.8.2Nuclear Power or Nuclear Weapon 7.8.3Safety Measures 7.9The Future of Nuclear Power 8 Renewable Energy 8.1Overview 8.2History 8.3Renewable Energy Debate 9 Bioenergy 9.1Wood Fuels 9.2Biomass for Electricity Generation 9.3Biofuels— Ethanol 9.4Biomass Resources 9.5Summary 10 Solar Energy 10.1Solar Radiation Resources 10.2Solar Collectors 10.3Solar Energy Applications 10.4Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV) 10.5Solar Thermal Power Plants 10.6Solar Energy Storage Systems 10.7Other Solar Energy Applications 10.8Conclusion and Outlook 11 Wind Energy 11.1Wind Energy—Resources and Potential 11.2Types of Modern Wind Turbine 11.3Energy Production 11.4Wind Energy Costs 11.5Wind Farms 11.6Environmental Aspects 11.7Future Developments 12 Geothermal Energy 12.1Geothermal Resources 12.2Utilisation 12.3Technologies for Electricity Generation 12.4Electricity Generation 12.5Direct Utilisation 12.6Heat Pump Applications 12.7Environmental Issues 12.8Enhanced Geothermal Systems 12.9New Developments—Drilling for Higher Temperatures 13 Ocean Energy 13.1The Tides 13.1.1Harnessing the Energy in the Tides 13.1.2The Future of Tidal Power 13.2Wave 13.2.1The Resource 13.2.2Wave Energy Technologies 13.2.3Environmental Aspects 13.2.4The Prospects for Wave Energy 13.2.5Conclusions 14 Hydrogen Energy 14.1Hydrogen 14.2Uses of Hydrogen Energy 14.3 Production of Hydrogen 14.4Storage of Hydrogen 14.5Delivery of Hydrogen 14.6Chinese Policies on Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies: Promoting R&D 14.7Hydrogen Economy 14.8Safety Issues of Hydrogen Energy 14.9Hydrogen and Environment
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