Chapter 1 The History of Oceanography 1.1 Ocean science begins 1.2 Oceanography as science 1.3 Oceanography in the twentieth century 1.4 The recent past， the present， and the future of oceanography Vocabularies Tips Questions Chapter 2 Earth： The Water Planet 2.1 Water on Earth' s surface 2.2 Hydrologic cycle 2.3 Reservoirs and residence time 2.4 Oceans Vocabularies Tips Questions Chapter 3 Sediments on the Sea Floor 3.1 Particle size 3.2 Location 3.3 Rates of deposit 3.4 Source and chemistry 3.5 Patterns of deposit on the sea floor Vocabularies Tips Questions Chapter 4 The Properties of Seawater 4.1 The water molecule 4.2 The pH of seawater 4.3 Salts 4.3.1 Ocean salinities 4.3.2 Dissolved salts 4.3.3 Sources of salt 4.3.4 Regulating the salt balance 4.4 Gases 4.4.1 Distribution with depth 4.4.2 The carbon dioxide cycle 4.4.3 The oxygen balance 4.4.4 Measuring the gases 4.5 Other substances 4.5.1 Nutrients 4.5.2 Organics Vocabularies Tips Questions Chapter 5 Circulation and Ocean Structure 5.1 Density structure 5.1.1 Surface processes 5.1.2 Changes with depth 5.1.3 Densitydriven circulation 5.2 Upwelling and downwelling 5.3 The layered oceans 5.3.1 The Atlantic Ocean 5.3.2 The Pacific Ocean 5.3.3 The Indian Ocean 5.3.4 The Arctic Ocean Vocabularies Tips Questions Chapter 6 Environmental Issues and Concerns 6.1 Water and sediment quality 6.1.1 Solid waste dumping 6.1.2 Sewage effluent 6.1.3 Toxicants 6.2 Plastic trash 6.3 Ocean waste management proposals 6.4 Oil spills 6.5 Marine wetlands 6.6 Biological invaders 6.7 Overfishing and incidental catch Vocabularies ips Questions Chapter 7 Ocean Biology 7.1 Groups of organisms 7.2 Environmental zones 7.3 Buoyancy， flotation， and viscosity Vocabularies Tips Questions Chapter 8 Marine Environment for Organisms 8.1 Salinity and osmosis 8.2 Temperature 8.3 Pressure 8.4 Gas 8.5 Nutrients 8.6 Light and color 8.7 Circulation patterns 8.8 Bottom environments 8.9 Barriers and boundaries Vocabularies Tips Questions Appendix Appendix I English Terms for General Apparatus and Instruments in the Lab Appendix II English Terms for Commonly Used Reagents Appendix III English Expression for Mathematical Formula Appendix IV English Expression for Mathematical Terms Reference
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