Chapter1 Introduction 1.1 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS Protocols Standards 1.2 STANDARDS ORGANIZATONS Standards Creation Committees Forums Regulatory Agencies 1.3 Internet Standards Maturity Levels Requirement Levels 1.4 INTERNET ADMINISTRATION ISOC IAB IETF IRTF IANA and ICANN NIC 1.5 A BRIEF HISTORY ARPANET Birth of the Internet TCP/IP Protocol MILNET CSNET NSFNET ANSNET The Internet Today Timeline 1.6 SUMMARY 1.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter2 The OSI Model and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2.1 THE OSI MODEL Layered Architecture Peer-to-Peer Processes 2.2 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer 2.3 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE Physical and Data Link Layers Network Layer Transport Layer Application Layer 2.4 ADDRESSING Physical Address Internet Address Port Address 2.5 TCP/IP VERSIONS Version4 Version5 Version6 2.6 SUMMARY 2.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter3 Underlying Technologies 3.1 TRANSMISSION MEDIA Guided Media Unguided Media 3.2 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS（LANS） Ethernet Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface（FDDI） 3.3 SWITCHING Circuit Switching Packet Switching Message Switching 3.4 WIDE AREA NETWORKS（WANS） Point-to-Point Protocol（PPP） X.25 60 Frame Relay Asynchronous Transfer Mode（ATM） 3.5 CONNECTING DEVICES Repeaters Bridges Routers Gateways 3.6 SUMMARY 3.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter4 IP Addressing 4.1 DECIMAL NOTATION 4.2 CLASSES Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Determining the Class of an Address Extracting Netid and Hostid Multihomed Devices Location Not Names 4.3 SPECIAL ADDRDSSES Network Address Direct Broadcast Address Limited Broadcast Address This Host on This Network Specific Host on This Network Loopback Address 4.4 A SAMPLE INTERNET 4.5 UNICAST MULTICAST AND BROADCAST ADDRESSES Unicast Addresses Multicast Addresses Broadcast Addresses 4.6 APPLYING FOR IP ADDRESSES Class of Address Nteids and Hostids Authorities 4.7 PRIVATE NETWORKS 4.8 SUMMARY 4.9 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter5 Subnetting and Supernetting 5.1 SUBNETTING Three Levels of Hierarchy 5.2 MASKING Special Addresses in Subnetting Contiguous vs.Noncontiguous Mask 5.3 EXAMPLES OF SUBNETTING Subnetting Class A Subnetting Class B Subnetting Class C 5.4 VARIABLE-LENGTH SUBNETTING 5.5 SUPERNETTING Supernet Mask Classless Interdomain Routing（CIDR） 5.6 SUMMARY 5.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter6 Delivery and Routing of IP Packets 6.1 CONNECTION-ORIENTED VS.CONNECTIONLESS SERVICES 6.2 DIRECT VS.INDIRECT DELIVERY Direct Delivery Indirect Delivery 6.3 ROUTING METHODS Next-Hop Routing Network-Specfic Routing Host-Specific Routing Default Routing 6.4 STATIC VS.DYNAMIC ROUTING Static Routing Table Dynamic Routing Table 6.5 ROUTING MODULE AND ROUTING TABLE DESIGN Routing Table Routing Module Examples 6.6 SUMMARY 6.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter7 Internet Protocol（IP） 7.1 DATAGRAM 7.2 FRAGMENTATION Maximum Transfer Unit（MTU） Fields Related to Fragmentation 7.3 OPTIONS Format Option Types 7.4 CHECKSUM Checksum Calculation at the Sender Checksum Calculation at the Receiver Checksum in the IP Packet Example 7.5 IP DESIGN Header-Adding Module Processing Module Queues Routing Table Routing Module MTU Table Fragmentation Module Reassembly Table Reassembly Module 7.6 SUMMARY 7.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter8 ARP and RARP 8.1 ARP Packet Format Encapsulation Operation Proxy ARP 8.2 ARP DESIGN Cache Table Queues Output Module Input Module Cache-Control Module Examples of ARP 8.3 ARRP Packet Format Encapsulation Alternative Solutions to RARP 8.4 SUMMARY 8.5 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter9 Internet Control Message Protocol（ICMP） 9.1 TYPES OF MESSAGES 9.2 MESSAGE FORMAT 9.3 ERROR REPORTING Destination Unreachable Source Quench Time Exceeded Parameter Problem Redirection 9.4 QUERY Echo Request and Reply Timestamp Request and Reply Address Mask Request and Reply Router Solicitation adn Advertisement 9.5 CHECKSUM Checksum Calculation Checksum Testing Example 9.6 ICMP DESIGN Input Module Output Module 9.7 SUMMARY 9.8 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter10 Internet Group Management Protocol（IGMP） 10.1 MULTICASTING Multicast Addresses 10.2 IGMP Types of Messages Message Format Operation of IGMP in a Single Network Operation of IGMP in an Internet Changing IP Addresses to Physical Addresses 10.3 ENCAPSULATION 10.4 MULTICAST BACKBONE（MBONE） 10.5 IGMP DESIGN Group Table Timers Group-Joining Module Group-Leaving Module Input Module Output Module Examples of IGMP 10.6 SUMMARY 10.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter11 User Datagram Protocol（UDP） 11.1 PROCESS-TO-PROCESS COMMUNICATION Port Numbers Socket Addresses 11.2 USER DATAGRAM 11.3 CHECKSUM Checksum Calculation at Sender Checksum Calculation at Receiver An Example Optional Use of the Checksum 11.4 UDP OPERATION Connectionless Services Flow and Error Control Encapsulation and Decapsulation Queuing Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 11.5 USE OF UDP 11.6 UDP DESIGN Control-Block Table Input Queues Control-Block Module Input Module Output Module Examples 11.7 SUMMARY 11.8 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter12 Transmission Control Protocol（TCP） 12.1 PROCESS-TO-PROCESS COMMUNICATION Port Addresses Socket Addresses 12.2 TCP SERVICES Stream Data Service Full-Duplex Service Reliable Service 12.3 SEGMENT 12.4 OPTIONS 12.5 CHECKSUM 12.6 FLOW CONTROL Sliding Window Window Management Slly Window Syndrome 12.7 ERROR CONTROL Error Detection and Correction 12.8 TCP TIMERS Retransmission Timer Persistence Timer Keepalive Timer Timer-Waited Timer 12.9 CONNECTION Connection Establishment Connection Termination Connection Resetting 12.10 STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM Client Diagram Server Diagram 12.11 CONGESTION CONTROL 12.12 TCP OPERATION Encapsulation and Decapsulation Queuing Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Pushing Data Urgent Data 12.13 TCP DESIGN Transmission Control Blocks（TCBs） Timers Main Module Input Processing Module Output Processing Module 12.14 SUMMARY 12.15 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter13 Routing Protocols（RIP，OSPF，and BGP） 13.1 INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ROUTING 13.2 RIP Distance Vector Routing RIP Message Format Requests and Responses Timers in RIP Slow Convergence Instability Some Remedies for Instabillity RIP Version Authentication Encapsulation 13.3 OSPF Areas Metric Link State Routing Types of Packets Packet Format Encapsulation 13.4 BGP Path Vector Routing Types of Packets Packet Format Encapsulation 13.5 MULTICAST ROUTING DVMRP MOSPF 13.6 SUMMARY 13.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter14 Application Layer and Client-Server Model 14.1 CLIENT-SERVER MODEL Client Server 14.2 CONCURRENCY Concurrency in Clients Concurrency in Servers 14.3 PROCESSES Concept Process Identification Process Creation 14.4 SUMMARY 14.5 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter15 BOOTP and DHCP 15.1 BOOTP Packet Format Operation UDP Ports Using TFTP Relay Agent 15.2 DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL（DHCP） Leasing DHCP Operation Packet Format 15.3 SUMMARY 15.4 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter16 Domain Name System（DNS） 16.1 NAME SPACE Flat Name Space Hierarchical Name Space 16.2 DOMAIN NAME SPACE Label Domain Name Domain 16.3 DISTRIBUTION OF NAME SPACE Hierarchy of Name Servers Zone Primary and Secondary Servers 16.4 DNS IN THE INTERNET Generic Domains Country Domains Inverse Domain 16.5 RESOLUTION Resolver Mapping Names to Addresses Mapping Addresses to Names Recursive Resolution Iterative Resolution Caching 16.6 DNS MESSAGES Header 16.7 TYPES OF RECORDS Question Record Resource Record 16.8 COMPRESSION 16.9 EXAMPLES 16.10 DDNS 16.11 ENCAPSULATION 16.12 SUMMARY 16.13 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter17 TERNET and Rlogin 17.1 CONCEPT Timesharing Environment Login 17.2 NETWORK VIRTUAL TERMINAL（NVT） 17.3 NVT CHARACTER SET Data Characters Remote Control Characters 17.4 EMBEDDING 17.5 OPTIONS 17.6 OPTION NEGOTIATION Enabling an Option Disabling an Option Example Symmetry 17.7 SUBOPTION NEGOTIATION 17.8 CONTROLLING THE SERVER 17.9 OUT-OF-BAND SIGNALING 17.10 ESCAPE CHARACTER Default Mode Character Mode Line Mode 17.11 MODE OF OPERATION Default Mode Character Mode Line Mode 17.12 EXAMPLES 17.13 USER INTERFACE 17.14 RLOGIN（REMOTE LOGIN） TCP Port Connection Flow Control Commands Mode 17.15 SECURITY ISSUE 17.16 SUMMARY 17.17 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter18 File Transfer Protocol（FTP） 18.1 CONNECTIONS Control Connection Data Connection 18.2 COMMUNICATION Communication over Control Connection Communication over Data Connection 18.3 COMMAND PROCESSING Commands Responses 18.4 FILE TRANSFER 18.5 USER INTERFACE 18.6 ANONYMOUS FTP 18.7 SUMMARY 18.8 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter19 Trivial File Transfer Protocol（TFTP） 19.1 MESSAGES RRQ WRQ DATA ACK ERROR 19.2 CONNECTION Connection Establishment Connection Termination 19.3 DATA TRANSFER Flow Control Error Control Sorcerer’s Apprentice Bug 19.4 UDP PORTS 19.5 TFTP EXAMPLE 19.6 TFTP OPTONS 19.7 SECUITY 19.8 APPLICATIONS 19.9 SUMMARY 19.10 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter20 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol（SMTP） 20.1 USER AGENT（UA） Sending Mail Receiving Mail 20.2 ADDRESSES Local Part Domain Name 20.3 DELAYED DELIVERY Sender-Site Delay Receiver-Site Delay Intermediate Delay 20.4 ALIASES One-to-Many Expansion Many-to-One Expasion 20.5 MAIL TRANSFER AGENT（MTA） 20.6 COMMANDS AND RESPONSES Commands Responses 20.7 MAIL TRANSFER PHASES Connection Establishment Message Transfer Connection Termination 20.8 MULTIPURPOSE INTERNET MAIL EXTENSIONS（MIME） MIME-Version Content-Type Content-Transfer-Encoding Content-Id Content-Description 20.9 POST OFFICE PROTOCOL（POP） 20.10 SUMMARY 20.11 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter21 Simple Network Management Protocol（SNMP） 21.1 CONNEPT Managers and Agents Components 21.2 SMI Name Type Encoding Method 21.3 MIB Accessing MIB Variables Lexicographic Ordering 21.4 SNMP Messages Format Encoding 21.5 EXAMPLES 21.6 UDP PORTS 21.7 SUMMARY 21.8 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter22 Hypertext Transfer Protocol（HTTP） 22.1 HTTP TRANSACTION Messages 22.2 REQUEST MESSAGES Request Line Methods 22.3 RESPONSE MESSAGES Status Line 22.4 HEADER General Header Request Header Response Header Entity Header 22.5 EXAMPLES 22.6 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Chapter23 World Wide Web（WWW） 23.1 HTPERTEXT AND HYPERMEDIA 23.2 BROWSER ARCHITECTURE 23.3 STATIC DOCUMENTS 23.4 HTML Structure of a Web Page Tags Examples 23.5 DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS 23.6 COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE（CGI） CGI Program Environment Variables Input Output Examples 23.7 ACTIVE DOCUMENTS Creation Compilation and Execution 23.8 JAVA Classes and Objects Instantiation Ingeritance Packages Skeleton of an Applet Creation and Compilation HTML Document Examples 23.9 SUMMARY 23.10 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter24 Socket Interface 24.1 SOME DEFINITIONS Data Types Defined Internet Address Structure Internet Socket Address Structure 24.2 SOCKETS Socket Types 24.3 BYTE ORDERING Big-Endian Byte Order Little-Endian Byte Order Network Byte Order Byte-Order Transformation 24.4 ADDRESS TRANSFORMATION 24.5 MYTE MAINPULATION FUNCTIONS 24.6 INFORMATION ABOUT REMOTE HOST 24.7 SOCKET SYSTEM CALLS Socket Bind Connect Listen Accept Sendto Recvfrom Read Write Close 24.8 CONNECTIONLESS ITERATIVE SERVER Server Client 24.9 UDP CLIENT-SERVER PROGRAMS Server Program Client Program 24.10 CONNECTION-ORIENTED CONCURRENT SERVER Server Client 24.11 TCP CLIENT-SERVER PROGRAMS Server Program Client Program 24.12 SUMMARY 24.13 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises Chapter25 Next Generation：IPv6 and ICMPv6 25.1 IPV6 25.2 IPV6 ADDRESSES Hexadecimal Colon Notation Categories of Addresses Address Space Assignment 25.3 IPV6 PACKET FORMAT Base Header Priority Flow Label Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 Headers Extension Headers Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6 25.4 ICMPV6 Error Reporting Query 25.5 TRANSITION FROM IPV4 TO IPV6 Dual Stack Tunneling Header Translation 25.6 SUMMARY 25.7 PRACTICE SET Multiple Choice Exercises Programming Exercises AppendixA ASCII Code AppendixB Numbering Systems and Transformation B.1 NUMBERING SYSTEMS Decimal Numbers Binary Numbers Octal Numbers Hexadecimal Numbers B.2 TRANSFORMATION From Other Systems to Decimal From Decimal to Other Systems From Binary to Octal or Hexadecimal From Octal or Hexadecimal to Binary AppendixC Representation of Binary Numbers C.1 UNSIGNED NUMBERS C.2 SIGNED NUMBERS Sign-and-Magnitude One’Complement Two’Complement C.3 MORE ABOUT ONE’COMPLEMENT Finding the Complement Addign Two Numbers AppendixD Error Detection D.1 TYPES OF ERRORS Single-Bit Error Multiple-Bit Error Burst Error D.2 DETECTION Redundancy Vertical Redundancy Check（VRC） Longitudinal Redundancy Check（LRC） Cyclic Redundancy Check（CRC） Checksum AppendixE Encryption/Decryption E.1 CONVENTIONAL METHODS DES E.2 PUBLIC KEY METHODS RSA Encryption E.3 AUTHENTICATION AppendixF MIB Objects F.1 SYSTEM GROUP F.2 INTERFACE GROUP F.3 IP GROUP F.4 ICMP GROUP F.5 TCP GROUP F.6 UDP GROUP AppendixG High-Level Data Link Control（HDLC） G.1 STATION TYPES G.2 CONFIGURATIONS G.3 MODES OF COMMUNICATION NRM ARM ABM G.4 FRAMES G.5 MORE ABOUT FRAMES I-frames S-frames U-frames G.6 LINK ACCESS PROCEDURES（LAPS） LAPB LAPD LAPM AppendixH Project H.1 PROJECT H.2 PROJECT LLC MAC AppendixI ASN.1 I.1 DATA TYPES AND VALUES Simple Type Structured Type Tags Subtyping Values I.2 MODULES AND MACROS Modules Macros AppendixJ Spanning Tree J.1 SPANNING TREES AND BRIDGES Algorithm Forming the Spanning Tree Example J.2 SPANNING TREES AND MULTICAST ROUTING AppendixK Contact Addresses AppendixL RFCs AppendixM UDP and TCP Ports Solutions Acronyms Glossary References Index
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